شاخص‌های محیط انسان ساخت و تاثیرات آن بر آلودگی هوا (مطالعه موردی: محدوده پیرامونی چهارده ایستگاه سنجش کیفیت هوا در شهر تهران )

برنامه­ریزی و در پی آن طراحی مشخصه­های محیط انسان ساخت، می­تواند بر نحوه­ی زندگی در شهرها و سلامت عمومی شهروندان مؤثر باشد، چگونگی جریان­های حرکتی و حمل‌ونقل شهری، مصادیقی تامل­برانگیز از این تاثیرگذاری هستند. براین اساس، هدف اصلی این مطالعه، تحلیل اثرات سنجه­های محیط­ انسان­ساخت بر کیفیت هوای شهری است. در این رابطه، شاخص­های محیط انسان­ساخت در زمینه کاهش اتکا به حمل و نقل موتوری و ارتقای پیاده مداری، کاهش جزایرگرایی و افزایش ریه­های تنفسی شهر از متون نظری استخراج و در محیط نرم­افزار Arc Map  مورد تحلیل قرار گرفت. در ادامه ارتباط شاخص های مذکور و میانگین غلظت سالیانه آلاینده­های O3، NO، NO2، CO و PM10 در سال 1389 بررسی گردید. براساس نتایج پژوهش، شاخص­های محیط انسان­ساخت با غلظت آلاینده­های هوا دارای همبستگی هستند. براساس تحلیل فضایی مرکز-پیرامون غلظت آلاینده­ها، غلظت آلاینده­ها در نواحی مرکزی و غیرمرکزی شهر متفاوت است. این ارتباط در زمینه دو آلاینده O3 و PM10 به خوبی مشخص است، به طوری که با فاصله از مرکز شهر، آلاینده­ی ثانویه O3 افزایش یافته و آلاینده­ی اولیه PM10 کاهش می­یابند. همچنین تحلیل فضایی شاخص­های محیط انسان ساخت نشان داد که با فاصله از مرکز شهر شاخص­های تراکم جمعیتی، تراکم تقاطع­ها، تراکم واحدهای خرده­فروشی و مساحت فضاهای باز شهری کاهش می­یابد.

The relationship between public health and urban planning is an innovative and important issue that it has prominent position in future urban planning. In this context, adverse air quality condition and air pollutant concentrations higher than the permitted limit set by the World Health Organization is considered as a threat to the health of citizens in big cities. According to result of air pollution monitoring (conducted in the Tehran Air Quality Control Company), Tehran air quality have deteriorated in recent years. In this regard, according to the World Bank estimates the annual economic value of losses of life and damage caused by air pollution in Iran is totaled $ 1.8 billion and pursuant to figures, Tehran residents’ lifetime has been averagely shorter by 5 years. Tehran metropolitan due to the special geographical condition (topography and meteorology), social (population distribution and traffic), culture (level of culture and related education) and urban development, is faced with the dilemma of air pollution. It’s necessary to mention, motor-vehicle emissions are the primary source of most fine and ultra-fine particles in Tehran (More than 70 percent of Tehran's air pollution is related to motor-vehicle emissions). Planning and subsequently design of built environment feature could have various effect on urban life style and public health, modality of mobility and urban transportation are sobering instance of this effectiveness. Promoting walk ability and reduce reliance on motor vehicles can play an effective role in improving urban air quality. According to that, The main goal of this article is the analysis of the built environment impacts on urban air quality by examination of built environment variable and concentrations of air pollutants in surrounding areas of fourteen air quality monitoring stations in Tehran. In this regard, built environment indicators in reducing reliance on motorized transport and promoting walk ability, reducing heat Islands and increasing urban respiratory lung derived from the theoretical literature were analyzed in Arc Map software. Then the relationship between these indicators and the mean annual concentrations of NO, CO, NO2, O3 and PM10 were examined in 2010. We use regression analysis to explain the relationship between the independent and dependent variables and confirmatory factor analysis to determine the main factors of built environment indicators.  The results suggest that indicators of distance from the main arterials, distance from city centers, block areas, intersection density and area of open and green urban spaces have the highest correlation with concentration of pollutants. Additionally, the different behavior of pollutants based on primary and secondary air pollutants were determined by using spatial analysis about distance from downtown,. This issue is well understood in the context of O3 and PM10 pollutants. So that Primary pollutant PM10 increase by approaching to downtown and secondary pollutant O3 increase by getting away from the downtown. Also in connection with the built environment indicators, results showed that population density, intersection density, retail density and green space area decrease with distance from the city center.

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