بررسی تطبیقی پراکنده‌رویی در سه شهر میانی ایران‎ ‎‎(نمونه موردی: شهرهای اردبیل، سنندج، کاشان)

قرن بیستم در دستور کار حکومت‌های بسیاری از کشورها قرار گرفته است. چنین الگویی موجب شکل‌گیری نوعی از گسترش می‌شود که به دلیل عدم اختلاط کاربری‌ها، فقدان مرکزیت و ضعف و ناکارآمدی در دسترسی، از یک سو به اتلاف منابع و انرژی دامن می‌زند (مانند زمین برای ساخت‌وساز، و انرژی برای حمل‌ونقل بین نقاط)؛ و از سوی دیگر آلاینده‌های مختلف محیطی تولید می‌کند. به نظر می‌رسد مفهومِ پراکنده‌رویی، با تعاریف اغلب متکی بر منابع کشورهای غربی، در ایران در قالب الگوهای متفاوتی ظاهر بشود. هدف این مقاله اندازه‌گیری و تعریف مشخصه‌های پراکنده‌رویی شهری در سه شهر میانی اردبیل و کاشان و سنندج، براساس چارچوب نظری مرجح در شرایط ایران است. در این مطالعه از داده‌های تحت سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی، روش تحلیل عاملی و SPSS استفاده شده است. به نظر می‌رسد در الگوهای پراکنده‌رویی شهری در شهرهای میانی، برخلاف کشورهای توسعه‌یافته غربی که در آنها توسعه کم‌تراکم مشخصه اصلی است، فقدان مرکزیت و ضعف اختلاط کاربری عمده‌ترین مشخصه‌های تعریف این پراکنده‌رویی‌اند.

The term “urban sprawl” is often used as a synonym for undesired low-density or otherwise unplanned
 urban spatial development. More often, though, sprawl is defined in terms of “undesirable” land-use
 patterns—whether scattered development, leapfrog development (a type of scattered development that
 assumes a mono centric city), strip or ribbon development, or continuous low-density development.
 However, the precise definition, as well as its desirability, is debated. From mid of twenty century, urban
 sprawl has become as a main subject and challenge in spatial policy making agenda of most of
 governments. In this kind of urban expansion, land as a main source of development is utilized in a higher
 rate than population growth. Such kinds of development, for lack of mixed land use, lack of centrality and
 inefficiency in accessibility, etc. leads to wasting non-recyclable resources and energies (resources like
 land for developments and energy for center-periphery commuting) on the one hand, and polluting
 environment as their impacts on the other hand. However, intensity and substance and physical forms of
 urban Sprawl would be different dependent upon levels of economic and social development of countries
 and their planning system. Major factors which caused the urban sprawl in Iran were parallel with starting
 exogenous development process in the country. Rapid urbanization fueled by motorization, rapid growth
 of population and rural –urban immigration, central government ineffective land policy, land speculation,
 etc. prevent from infill development and led to land uselessness within cities as well as increasing urban
 sprawl in suburbs. All these processes led to a massive transformation of agricultural land into urban landuses
 all over the country and provided some evidences that urban is taking place as a pattern of
 development. So, it seems that the mentioned pattern in our country is different from its origins (in
 American cities). Although the urban sprawl began four decades ago in Iran, but has yet to be empirically
 measured or characterized. Present paper aims at defining and measuring the characteristics of urban
 sprawl in three middle range Iranian cities according to a preferred theoretical framework inferred from
 literature review. In case studies, the authors have used GIS based data and methods like factor analysis
 and SPSS for measuring their urban development characteristics and defining the areas that show higher
 indices of sprawl development. Research findings indicate that lack of centrality and low level of mixed
 land use are the main factors defining urban sprawl development in the case studies. This is in contrast
 with western countries' situation in which low density development is the main characteristic of sprawl.
 The findings show that the highest rate of urban sprawl is observed in the areas of Sanandadj and Ardabil
 that were developed and affected directly by the governmental land policies.

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