طراحی خانه در بافت سنتی شهری مطالعه موردی: طراحی در بافت سنتی قم

خانه به عنوان قرارگاه رفتاری خانواده، از لحاظ عملکردی و کالبدی، مکان شکل گیری رفتار، فرهنگ و اخلاق واحد اجتماع است. خانه­ی سنتی ایران مکانی سازنده و مناسب برای این مهم بود. اما معماری مسکن امروز ایران، ظرف مناسبی برای این مهم نیست! چرا که خصوصیت ایرانی بودن خود را از دست داده و به تبع آن قابلیت پرورش فرهنگ ایرانی از آن سلب شده است! لذا از الزامات معماری ما در عصر جدید، توجه به معماری اصیل سنتی و احیای معماری و بافت­های تاریخی، ارزشمند، مردمی و دیرپای ایران است. زیرا زندگی، تمدن و فرهنگ زیست ما، اعم از شهری و روستایی در آنها متبلور شده و یکی از ضروریات تامین زندگی سالم و آرام، بازگشت به ارزش­های زندگی پر معنی گذشته و احیا و به­روز کردن معماری با هویت و ارزشمند سنتی ایران است. این مقاله با نیم نگاهی به معنای سنت، خانه و معماری سنتی و یادآوری ارزش­ها و معیارهای آن، به بررسی و تحلیل طراحی یک مجموعه­ی مسکونی در بافت قدیم شهر قم می­پردازد. با تکیه بر مبانی و معیارهای طراحی سنتی و نیازمندی­های زندگی امروز، الگویی ارائه شده، تا ضمن اقتباس از معماری سنتی، پاسخ­گوی نیازهای امروز جامعه در کالبدی شایسته برای فرهنگ ایرانی باشد.

Man has a social life and during his life he establishes the most important social institution which is known as a family. This social institution, the family, evokes the architecture of a house. The formation of the house as a family behavioral setting is related to the social behavior, also culture and ethics of the members of the family. More than 90% of the buildings in most traditional cities are residences. In other words, the main landscape of traditional towns has formed with architecture of houses. Therefore, it is important to design appropriate houses in the traditional textures of the cities. Designers should avoid damaging the historical perspective and the valuable traditional textures of our cities. In most cases, a large amount of investments for developing cities belongs to housing projects. Accuracy at the precautionary measurements in housing design could prevent the waste of resources and improve the results of construction phase. Compliance with climate characteristics and design issues could bring many advantages for such projects. Sustainable architecture, for example, reduces the energy consumption and energy costs. New construction in most historical cities of Iran suffers from the lack of attention to the most basic climatic and/or social issues in design. Today, the main problem in the old cities of Iran is the erosion and destruction of the traditional architecture and the city context. In fact, there is no authority to preserve and/or maintain the traditional architecture and valuable urban context. Furthermore, there has been no attempt made for harmonizing traditional Iranian architecture with today’s lifestyle! The consequence of neglecting the values of the traditional architecture has been the threat to lose the identity of traditional architecture and urban textures. Many outlandish buildings arise daily in these cities with no relation to their contextual settings. These new buildings are disproportionate with cultural and sustainable values of traditional architecture. In the modern era, one of the necessities of our architecture is to understand and apply the great lessons of the old authentic architecture of our historical cities. Restoration of historical contexts and preserving the valuable traditional values of the cities should gain a public and governmental respect. In order to defend our cities against the inappropriate forms and materials of modern architecture, we should return to the strong values and meaningful lifestyle of the past. For achieve this purpose, we should rehabilitate and upgrade the valuable traditional architecture of our country. This article takes a close look at the traditional Iranian architecture and it examines the design of a residential complex in the historic context of the city of Qom. It demonstrates the possibility of preserving traditional design criteria along with providing appropriate design solutions for the new lifestyle of today. It is an attempt to fill in the gap between the identities of the Iranian architecture with today’s modern lifestyle.

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