جایگاه نیازهای بنیادین انسان در سیر تحولات مسکن (مطالعه موردی: شهر اردبیل مبتنی بر پیشینه تاریخی)

تحت پوشش قرار دادن نیازهای بنیادین انسان در علم روانشناسی محیطی از ویژگی‌های مهم یک مسکن بشمار می‌آید. مسکن باید بتواند نیازهای فرد را متناسب با بوم منطقه پاسخ داده و مشکلات ناشی از آن را مرتفع نماید. خانه بعنوان سازگارترین مکان با زندگی انسان شناخته‌شده و امروزه به علت عدم توجه به نیازهای اصلی کاربران، دچار تغییرات زیادی شده است به گونه‌ای که روندی به سوی بی‌هویتی و کاهش حس‌تعلق ساکنان را در پی دارد. در پژوهش حاضر هدف اصلی بررسی میزان توجه به نیازهای بنیادین انسان در دوره‌های متفاوت معماری می‌باشد؛ لذا در این راستا از ترجمان معماری، اصول مطرح شده توسط آبراهام مازلو به‌عنوان محور سنجش کیفیت پاسخگویی به نیازهای بنیادین بهره گرفته شده است. پژوهش بصورت توصیفی- تحلیلی بوده و روش تحقیق پیمایشی- دلفی است. تجزیه‌وتحلیل داده‌ها با استفاده از نرم‌افزار Spss21 انجام گردیده و در نهایت نتایج طبق جداول آماری استخراج گردیده‌اند. در این مسیر جهت استخراج روند تغییرات الگوی مسکن شهر، خانه‌های شهر اردبیل به سه دوره سنتی، سنتی- معاصر و معاصر، تقسیم‌شده است. نتایج بدست آمده حاکی از وجود اختلاف معنادار در میزان پاسخگویی الگوهای مسکن به نیازهای اساسی افراد و کاهس حس تعلق و کیفیت زندگی در طی دورهای زمانی بوده است.

In recent centuries the relationship of man and the environment of the most important points of interest for researchers in the fields of architecture and behavioral sciences to the extent that today the bilateral relationship between humans and the environment and its impact on quality of life is no secret and environmental psychology is the result of interaction between the two aforementioned knowledge. Recognizing and taking into account the principles based on the basic needs of people, enhance the sense of space and satisfaction of their needs is real. The aim of this study was to evaluate the different architectural periods due to basic human needs housing, including traditional, contemporary and traditional contemporary; in this regard, the interpreter architecture, proposed by Abraham Maslow's principles as fundamental needs of quality-centric measurement is taken. The research is descriptive-analytic and Delphi technique is used.
The architectural components of housing morphology in the explored houses are categorized into factors like: physical form, spatial configuration and spatial elements. One of the main detectable spatial specifications of the studied habitations is the combination of three spatial elements of close space, open space and semi- closed space. Each of these elements used to be vitally experienced through practices of routine life and the ways of living among different residents. Different living activities such as cooking, praying, visiting and public works take place in combination of spatial structure.
Therefore, spatial properties of built environment give rise to the dynamic and adaptable capacity of accommodating the practices of routine life in these habitations. In addition, according to the results of interviews, courtyard, Tanaby and corridor are the spatial setting of social communications between family and neighborhoods. In this regard, the life cycle takes place in consecutive movements between open, close spaces and semi- closed. Semi- closed spaces like corridors, Ivan and close spaces like rooms, Tanaby and open spaces like courtyards are generally multi-functional in terms of being highly adaptable for meeting family or individual needs that have changed over time periods. It is noteworthy, unfortunately over time some efficient and particular elements have been removed of Ardabil houses. Spaces like Sandykh-Khanna (element like closets and cabinetsin the wall for putting stuff) and Arakasma (folding doors) were solutions used in the traditional inhabitants. but today these spaces have been removed. Spatial configuration of the studied houses is readable from the physical properties, morphological features and space usage. The common formal patterns can be classified into four main categories as the “I” shape and “I-I” shape and “L” shape and “U” shape configurations.
Data analysis was performed using Spss software and to evaluate the desirability of Ardebil in private housing patterns each need and ultimately results have been derived by statistical tables. The results showed no significant differences in the response to the basic needs of housing patterns have been studied in three periods. So that in relation to the meet the fundamental needs of people in the city of Ardabil housing patterns over time, the downward spiral is observed.

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