گونه شناسی خانه های بافت قدیم شهر رشت

سرعت تغییرات در بافت قدیم شهرها، ما را در رویارویی با نحوه نگرش و چگونگی برخورد با آن قرار میدهد. صرفنظر از برشمردن جنبه های مثبت یا منفی تحولات کالبدی که به دیدگاه های برنامه ریزان و سیاستهای اتخاذ شده آن وابسته است، لزوم ثبت و ضبط الگوهای معماری پیشین مسجّل میباشد. چالش اساسی در این رویارویی این است که آیا بناهای بافت قدیم شهر رشت قابلیت دسته بندی و گونه شناسی را داراست؛ و نیز چند گونه اصلی را برای شناسایی بناهای این بافت می توان برشمرد. در این نوشتار، بر اساس اطلاعات و اسناد تاریخی، به مطالعه محدوده شهر در ادوار گذشته اقدام گردید و ویژگیهای بافت تاریخی آن بیان شد. شرح خصوصیات معماری و سیمای کالبدی این شهر از نگاه سیاحان و مورخین، بخش دیگری است که در مقاله به آن پرداخته شد. در ادامه ی این تحقیق توصیفی ابتدا به شرح کلی شمای معماری پرداخته و عرصه بندی در معماری مسکونی بافت قدیم، جهت گیری عمومی بناهای مسکونی، عناصر کالبدی و اجزای آن به تفکیک نام و کاربرد آنها در مساکن قدیمی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. ماحصل بحث که تحقیقی توصیفی و تجربی بوده، به گونه شناسی و تفکیک انواع عمده الگوهای معماری مسکونی در بافت قدیم انجامید و در پایان، دسته بندی انواع خانه های محدوده تاریخی شهر رشت مورد توجه واقع شد.

The old tissues of the cities have been faced to rapid changes and turned to destructive process during the last decades, because of the huge rush of technology and consequently the social revolutions and changes as a conceivable result of such technological attacks. As a general argument, in one hand, such changes and technological flourishing provided urban modern services and let the modern equipments to enter in lives, but unfortunately, on other hand, the increasing slam of the changes invited us to the battle of rapid compatibility, which inherently could not lead to wisdom decisions about the living patterns, and even the conservation of cultural characters which as a result leads to an unknown urban patterns and meanwhile urban instabilities. Although, the observation on advantages and disadvantages of constructive evolutions which substantially depend on the decisions and policies of the planners and urban designers is not the main goal of the current paper, it is highly recommended and necessary to record the ancient architecture patterns, finding out the outlines and the main characters of the older architecture characteristics. In current paper, during the investigations about the history of Rasht, and how it has been constructed, upon information and issues, a deeper concern was made on city borders and its constructive frame in older eras. On this way, the old quarters were specified and divided from each other to perform the required assumptions and fundamentals of architectural investigations to find out the characters of the houses in such old periods. The architectural and urban characteristics of Rasht from the view of overseas scientists were generally reviewed within the context. In addition, some older houses were chosen in the defined quarters, and consequently studied as the samples to perform the required data and information for further predictions. These studies contain the maps, photos. However, a set of worthwhile information was gathered from older residents and the people who had reliable knowledge about the history of the houses and even in more details, how estates faced to constructions. Naturally, on the way of completing the conclusions about the quarters and the houses of the old Rasht, further descriptive researches were provided, and at first, the general architectural characteristics were investigated and explained, in which the constructive properties of houses, space configurations of the old architectural designs, general directions and moods of house patterns, and their applications in old residences were gathered, and finally the classifications of the old houses were concerned, to provide the required foundations of scientific predictions and architectural forecasting. In these regards, all the old houses were classified in four styles (may be interpreted as moods or patterns), and all of them were described and compared with each other to cater for a better further proposed recommendations. The conclusions were efficiently applied to find the way how to improve the performances of residential houses, and finally to find out the required, robust, and sufficient reliable rules for essential future constructions in Rasht

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