برداشت ساختاری از مصادیق معماری

مشابه و مصادیق معماری یکی از گام‪‌‬های مرسوم طراحی معماری است. بررسی و تحلیل ادبیات موضوع نشان می‪‌‬دهد برداشت ساختاری از مصداق موجب ارتقای کیفیت طراحی می‪‌‬گردد، اما تکرار اجزای مصداق یا ویژگی‪‌‬های آن به کپی‪‌‬برداری و برداشت سطحی منجر می‪‌‬شود. دیدن مصادیق پیش از طراحی ممکن است باعث ثابت شدن ذهن طراح در ویژگی‪‌‬های مصداق گردد و به درجا زدن در طراحی منجر شود که نتیجه آن ایدۀ طراحی غیربدیع و تکرار نامناسب ویژگی‪‌‬های مصداق است. در این پژوهش با هدف شناخت برداشت ساختاری و مشخص شدن رابطه آن با نوع مصداق، از تحقیق تجربی استفاده شد. 54 نفر از دانشجویان کارشناسی معماری یک اقامتگاه بین‪‌‬راهی طراحی کردند و از یکی از 12 تصویر مصادیق معماری به‪‌‬عنوان منبع الهام استفاده نمودند. ایده‪‌‬های طراحی توسط داوران در دسته‪‌‬های برداشت ساختاری، برداشت سطحی، کپی‪‌‬برداری و بی‪‌‬ارتباط بودن ارزیابی شد. دو ویژگی ارتباط نمونه و موضوع طراحی از نظر عملکرد و از نظر دوره تاریخی مورد آزمون قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد دانشجویان معماری مورد آزمون از برداشت سطحی بیشتر از سایر انواع برداشت استفاده کرده‪‌‬اند. برخی از دانشجویان توانایی برداشت ساختاری از مصداق را دارند و مصادیق معماری تاریخی ایران نسبت به مصادیق معاصر غرب به برداشت ساختاری بیشتری منجر شده است. ‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬

Once designers start to create a new design idea, they often become particularly influenced by the sources of inspiration and examples. Sources of inspiration may have dual effect on design outcome; they can enhance design quality or lead to non-creative ideas. There is a mapping process between source and design idea. Structural mapping enhance design quality, repetition of precedent elements or features leads to literal or superficial mapping. With the aim of better understanding the true mapping process, three questions were raised. What is the difference between inspiration and copying? How can the type of the example affect the mapping process? Are architecture students able to perform structural mapping of architectural exemplars? For understanding the difference between inspiration and copying, we must recognize structural mapping and design fixation. Structural mapping literature indicated that the relations between objects rather than attributes of them are mapped from source to target, the relations are abstracted before mapping, transformation for adaptation to the subject happens, patterns rather than forms and features are considered, and the outcomes of structural mapping lead to the good quality and creativity of design, appropriate reuse of features, and incremental design improvement. In this paper, with the aim of recognizing the relation between the type of source and the type of mapping, an empirical research has been performed. Totally, 54 participants (architecture students at different levels of undergraduate programs) were given four types of exemplars, i.e. contemporary with same function, contemporary with different function, historical with similar function, and historical with different function. The type of similarity between source and design idea were scored in four types, i.e. structural, superficial, literal and irrelevant by three experts. This paper explores two propositions; (1) the exemplars with same functions lead to structural mapping, while those different functions lead to superficial and literal mapping; and (2) Iranian historical exemplars lead to structural mapping, while the contemporary ones lead to superficial and literal mapping. In this paper, we used SPSS software for performing all statistical tests, and drawing tables and charts. The chi-square test was used to test the significance of relation between variables. Findings demonstrate that some of designers used structural mapping, while most of them tended to derive superficial features from sources. The findings indicate that there is a significant relation between source categories and the type of similarity between source and outcome. The exemplars of Iranian architecture led to more structural mapping than foreign contemporary examples. Therefore the second proposition has been confirmed but findings cannot confirm the first proposition. Due to limitations of the research such as sample size and lack of comparable research on historical exemplars, we cannot certainly conclude about the differences between the types of exemplars, and there is a need for more future researches on this issue. Participants used superficial mapping more than other types of mapping; therefore architecture education must enhance student’s structural mapping capacity. How can the architecture education enhance the student’s structural mapping capacity? The future researches must be performed to answer this question.

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